How to use subheads - Emphasis

Step by step instructions to utilize subheads Step by step instructions to utilize subheads Its not in every case genuine that your perusers will need to peruse everything youve composed especially if its a 300-page report. Regardless of whether youve done everything you can to split it up and make it as lucid as could reasonably be expected, the requests of time we as a whole face may mean they can just skim it. At the danger of expressing the self-evident, subheads can motion toward your peruser what connected sections are about and help them to explore through more effectively to the most applicable parts. In any case, they should state something other than Introduction or Part 1. Make them unequivocal. So 40 years in the business is superior to Our experience. Joined, they should recount to the story, filling in as an elective rundown. This implies theyll likewise help you to inquire over your own course: did you pick the most ideal way? Progress words (thus, be that as it may, then again, by the by, additionally, besides and so forth.) likewise sign significance to your peruser, helping them to comprehend your focuses and remain with you through your alters of course as you engine towards your decision. Be cautious however: interminable moreovers and furthermores can be repetitive and wont join a free assortment of irregular considerations into a convincing contention, regardless of what number of you use. Far superior to design first and work out an intelligent structure even before you contact your console. There are additionally composing tips like this in our 60-page style control, The Write Stuff. To discover more, click here. Or on the other hand to get a complimentary duplicate, just utilize our contact structure and select style direct starting from the drop menu.

Theories of Female Victimisation

Hypotheses of Female Victimization In todays society wrongdoing is a steady. Individuals that are understand, to individuals that nobody has ever known about succumb to crime regularly. There must be a motivation behind why these things occur so regularly. Casualty precipitation hypothesis holds that the casualty is the contributing reality of their exploitation. Ladies, particularly, can make themselves accessible to lawbreakers and can easily turn out to be obvious objectives. It could be said, each casualty adds to their own exploitation somehow. Wrongdoing is obvious in our regular daily existences. It appears as if the normal American can't go a day without catching wind of another terrible wrongdoing that has occurred in their locale. As indicated by the US Department of Justice, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, fierce wrongdoings represented 1,254,358 of the violations carried out in 2009. There are a wide range of kinds of offenses that can be delegated a wrongdoing. The FBI, in its yearly Crime in the United States report, distributes information for genuine violations in the Crime Index. The Index incorporates murder, assault, burglary, disturbed attack, robbery, theft burglary, engine vehicle robbery, and fire related crime. These violations happen every now and again to Americans, a few reports show that some even occur on a moment to minute premise. Casualties of violations are those that are influenced by the result of a wrongdoing that has been submitted; these can incorporate the essential casualty, the optional casualties, and related casualties. An entire network can be influenced by only one wrongdoing. It is normal to know somebody who has been the casualty of a wrongdoing, particularly in todays society. Numerous individuals may have sympathy for these individuals and frequently estimate how something like this could have happened to an individual, the same number of casualties wonder something very similar. An essential casualty is somebody inside the scope of predictable physical injury, normally a member in the mishap; harms are recoverable for mental injury with respect to physical injury, regardless of whether no physical injury has happened. Optional casualties are those outside the scope of predictable physical injury, for example, witnesses or family members of the mishap casualties. A related casualty is an individual who is a nearby relative, or a dependant, of an essential casualty who has passed on as an immediate consequence of a demonstration of savagery being submitted against them. (www.justice.qld.gov) As you can see, when a guilty party carries out a wrongdoing against one individual, the essential casualty, it can prompt domino impact. There can numerous casualties for one wrongdoing. There are numerous hypotheses on why violations occur and why individuals succumb to them. Some imagine that being exploited is simply a question of chance, that specific individual that turned into a casualty to a wrongdoing was simply in an unlucky spot. Shouldnt individuals this day in age be sufficiently brilliant to where an inappropriate spot is and what an inappropriate time is? A few people conjecture only that. Individuals should realize the distinction in good and bad, and they should think carefully as to choose the distinction. One hypothesis that maintains these assessments is the casualty precipitation hypothesis. As in, the casualty took an interest, somehow or another, to their own exploitation. Casualty precipitation hypothesis sees victimology from the point of view that the casualty themselves may really start, either inactively or effectively, the criminal demonstration that eventually prompts demise or injury. (www.associatedcontent.com) If a casualty inactively starts in their own exploitation, they unconsciously do as such. Then again, if a casualty has a functioning job in their exploitation, they may have deliberately settled on the choice to do; by either inciting or impelling the wrongdoing that happened. In any case, the casualty precipitation hypothesis censures the casualty for their job in their exploitation. Employment advancements, work status, victories, love interests, and so forth are instances of these oblivious practices and attributes of uninvolved precipitation. Furthermore, political activists, minority gatherings, those of various sexual directions, and others seeking after substitute ways of life may likewise end up as focuses of savagery because of the incidental danger they posture to specific people of intensity. Dynamic exploitation happens under this hypothesis through the undermining or provocative activities of the person in question. One of the most dubious purposes of this hypothesis is the possibility that ladies who are assaulted effectively contributed somehow or another, either through provocative dress, a relationship, or proposed assent of closeness. Due to this perspective it is difficult to convict a denounced attacker who has had some type of relationship with the charged, or one that was acting provocatively or interestingly. (www.associatedcontent.com) For the most part talking, there are two survivors of wrongdoing; people. A few people despite everything view ladies as the mediocre sex, even in the 21st century. Despite the fact that people are both helpless to wrongdoing, ladies are 8 to multiple times bound to succumb to assault and spousal maltreatment. A chosen few despite everything see ladies as powerless and not being able to have an independent perspective. Let each Man (specifically) be solicited his contemplations from ladies and he will let you know without question, that they were not made yet for man; they are fit for little more than, to medical caretaker; and breed little kids in their low age; and to mind the house. (www.users.muohio.edu) Men, then again, are viewed as the defenders of their home and are the ones that have the instruction to talk transparently. Commonly this can be motivation to why a few men carry out wrongdoings against ladies; a male wrongdoer may state that a lady was strange by expressing her real thoughts, or doing different things that may appear to be typical to others in todays society, so he felt that he needed to take care of business. Despite the fact that these perspectives appear to be dated, there are as yet numerous men, and ladies, that think thusly. Due to how ladies are seen it can make them an obvious objective for certain wrongdoers. Numerous attackers despite everything accept that ladies ought to submit to a man, when he needs her to, and dread him for the things that he may do to her is she gives in without any problem. Men attacker normally want to rebuff, embarrass, overwhelm, overwhelm, and control their casualty. More often than not an attacker doesn't consider their to be as them doing anything incorrectly, and they don't think about the sentiments of their casualty. Ladies are additionally more defenseless to tricks than men are. Individuals frequently use feelings furthering their potential benefit when they are attempting to con somebody, be it for cash or a spot to live. Ladies are known to be enthusiastic creatures since they are made to deliver kids and be nurturing. Individuals all over America, and neighboring nations, use email tricks, mail misrepresentation, or even simply arbitrary phone cons so as to get c ash and different products and enterprises. An email trick can be randomized and conveyed in to numerous inboxes at once. Individuals from different nations can gather email addresses from destinations in which individuals pursue refreshes about their preferred cookbooks or even explicit sites. In any case, these tricks can make perilous circumstances. There is a trick known as the Grandparent Scam. This trick involves somebody picking a number out of the phonebook and if an older lady answers the individual on the opposite end basically says, Grandma, is that you?, when the lady answers truly, the trick starts. The individual fundamentally tells their grandma that they have gotten into a difficulty and are needing cash and asks her to Western Union the cash to them. Without an inquiry the grandma sends the individual the mentioned reserves and doesnt even understood that they have been conned. Who wouldnt help their grandkid that was out of luck? Emotions are frequently utilized against ladies in this constantly. Immediately a most ladies would help an individual in need since it appeared the proper activity, and right in front of them, that have succumbed to another trick. Assault that happens on dates or between individuals who realize each other ought not be viewed as a type of confused sexual experience: Rape is viciousness, not enticement. In more abnormal assault and associate assault, the assailant settles on a choice to compel his casualty to submit to what he needs. The attacker accepts he is qualified for power sex from a lady and he sees relational savagery (be it basically holding the lady down with his body or shaking a firearm) as an adequate method to accomplish his objective. (Warshaw, 1988, pg.20) In 2005, 1,181 ladies were killed by a cozy accomplice. That is a normal of three ladies consistently. Of the considerable number of ladies killed in the U.S., around 33% were murdered by a personal accomplice. (www.ojp.usdoj.gov) 33% of ladies murdered in 2005 really knew their assailants, which is a disturbing rate. Casualty precipitation hypothesis holds that a few ladies are exposed to this viciousness since they have brought it upon thems elves. A blend of self-perception, the manner in which a ladies dresses, where a ladies hangs out, and the organization that she keeps can credit to her own exploitation. Disappointment with ones physical appearance can prompt a negative self-perception. (Lankford, 2010, pg.13) A womans negative impression of herself can prompt her to settling on poor life choices. How a lady sees herself can influence her regular day to day existence, for example, her profession, family life, and funds. Ladies that don't appreciate themselves will in general believe that they don't have the right to be really upbeat. Having a low confidence can make an individual become discouraged. Misery can prompt various self mangling issues, for example, sedate use, liquor abuse, and dietary issues. (Wolff, 1999, pg.18) If a lady feels that she may always be unable to discover a spouse, beau, or accomplice she may get lecherous. A portion of these ladies may imagine that if a man takes them out or was pleasant to them, that they are obliged to express yes to sex a short time later. Ladies with this condition may turn into an obvious objective, and they may even submit to an

Native American Culture

Native American Culture Native American Culture Home›Descriptive Posts›Native American Culture Descriptive PostsIntroductionNative American culture represents a unique mixture of transitions based on religious and racial characteristics of the geographical region. The concept of native culture views local tribes as mini societies with distinctive characteristics of their own. Native American culture has a significant impact on all spheres of social performance including personal relations and social responsibility inside and outside the native society. The aim of the research paper is to investigate that Native American culture involves unique customs and traditions, norms, values and behavior patterns established by the generations of people and descendents.Discussion sectionNative American culture can be described as a unique mixture of religious traditions and values. Native intuitive religious beliefs relate to all aspects of life among Native Americans. It also has a major impact on their thinking and a way of life. To gain access to this godly reality there are many rules to follow for a Native American. Religion becomes part of a daily life, and a visitor to the world who shows respect for the Native American belief will gain a favorable reception almost everywhere. This means, among other things, refraining from modern social events and exposing any kind of images, such as religious symbols, statues and so on (Pritzker, 2000).The main features of the culture are unique clothing, social structure, housing and art. Music and art of Native Americans represents a blend of cultural traditions and modernity which affects greatly all spheres of life. Unique and outstanding symbols are reflected in pieces of art such as small figures, ceremonial masks and head dresses (appendix 1,2 ,3). These differences create a conflict between old and new cultural frames forcing many people to adapt to these changes. On the one hand, Native American culture reflects a unique faith and rituals followed by Native Americans fro thousands years. On the other hand, modernity creates a conflict between ‘alien’ cultural influences and technological, social and economic changes. For instance, an outstanding art of Iroquois is represented by Wampum. Using it, people wrote down thir historical tales and chronicled social events. The Pueblo, for instance, are famous for their dancing ceremonies. The kachina dances are based on unique religious traditions and secular knowledge of the society. The Navajos are famous for their sand paintings based on spiritual beliefs and unique cultural vision of reality.The culture of Native American tribes is closely connected with their geographical location. The location of the Umatilla, Walla Walla and Cayuse people contributed to the fact that these people were often go-betweens for the plains people and the other people. As for the Umatilla communities, these people show the tendency to trade posts for travelling Indian bands. As a result, many feasts and religious celebrations were held among all these people. The Umatilla are a Sahaptin-speaking Native American group is lives on Umatilla Indian Reservation. This tribe is known to be traditionally inhabited the Columbia Plateau region. (Umatilla (tribe). Also, there are a number of places and geographic features that can be prescribed to a particular tribe. One of these features is the tribe belonging to Umatilla River, Umatilla County, and Umatilla National Forest. As for McNary Dam, this person was almost named Umatilla Dam. Planning and Designing the Transfer Station The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation have been analyzed in the course of 10 years. At present, the north-eastern Oregon reservation has all rights to be considered a successful waste management system. This system exists with the aim to provide people with the enough opportunities to increase their wait time (Singletary, 1997).Agriculture, as part of national culture, was the ma in part of life. A strong impact of national culture can be explained by the fact that the traditions take place within the context of the geographical setting, and the effective social relations depend upon its culture and climate, morale and commitment of people. As for the tribal leaders these people first began to explore disposal alternatives. This measure has been taken during the 1980s. This fact was very important since it helped people to realize that the tribal landfill was filling up. In addition, people have all rights to realize that the existing landfill did not meet the new federal requirements. Many of these requirements are scheduled to go into effect in 1991. As a result of these changes many leaders considered an opportunity of building a new landfill or incinerator. This was largely so because tribal members did not manage to generate enough waste. This fact is very important since it can help people to justify whether they should use this or that options. In add ition, many tribes were known for recognizing the fact that they could not afford to purchase the large tract of land needed. This fact was very important since it helped people to install the required liner system, and maintain a new landfill. What people did instead was constructing a transfer station (Pritzker, 2000).The native music is monophonic. The main musical instruments, popular among Americans, are flutes, whistles, drums, rattles and guitar. Most of these issues reflect traditional patterns of beliefs and practice. In spite of great changes in social consciousness, religious traditions of Native Americans become a part of popular couture. Most of the stories include such symbols as cows and sacred places, spirituality and dharma. These facts show that century old traditions and values have not disappeared and still alive for many people. Their beliefs accelerate the cultural processes by transcending religious boundaries and bringing their messages and traditions to soci ety. Followers of Native traditions transmit their knowledge and traditions from one generation to another keeping in secret rituals and rites. Traditional patterns of beliefs and practice penetrate music and fine arts, literature and cuisine. In most case, old traditions and values represent a way of thinking followed by thousands of Native Americans. From childhood, people are influenced by cultural norms which limit the impact of globalization and westernization on their society (Singletary, 1997).  It is possible to distinguish two levels of influence: social and individual. Social influences embrace culture, subculture and social class, while individual influences comprise the members of community more immediate social environment of reference groups and the family. Beliefs and religious rituals play a role in shaping the values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors of Native Americans. For instance, students “integrated classical elements into folk music” and dancing trying t o keep traditions and authentic meaning of movements and rhythms. To some extent, this issue shows that the government and officials make great attempts to preserve unique cultural traditions and values of their nation (Oberg, 2003).Old norms and morality is in conflict with modernity because most of the modern values have been borrowed from other cultures and do not reflect native beliefs and rituals of Native American people. These facts vividly portray that Native Americans try to separate themselves form American community in all possible ways resisting cultural penetration of American values into their ‘sacred’ traditions. Native Americans call this phenomenon “culture clash” explaining that this a reaction to the processes of integration in the world. Kootenai Indians are a unique population inhabited North Idaho, North Montana and North Colombia. Similar to other tribes, Kootenai suffer from national inequalities and discrimination, lack of government support and heal thcare services, etc. Kootenai Indians belong to Native North Americans who inhabited the lands mentioned above sine 18th century   The clothing of this period vividly portrays traditions and national characters of tribes (appendix 4) (Pritzker, 2000).In Native American culture, women are usually not part of the entertainment scene. They carry on with their own social lives, and they are not involved in business with foreigners. Equality of women is a negligible value in Native American culture. The core of Native American culture is language. The desire to maintain both the Native Americans and the Islamic identity is prominent not only in political circles, but also among Native American people). Most members of this society perceive European and American traditions as “another” social orders and rules which exist outside their culture. To some extent, Indian culture includes both conscious and unconscious religious beliefs and practices, the combination of religion traditions and distinct social rules (Oberg, 2003). Rule of separation and faith play an important role in social activities, because it is the things that people think, it is the things they believe in, it is the things that motivate them; it is the things that make them what they are. The conflict occurs because unique ideology of Native American culture and other religions closely connected with social rules and faith and prevents outside influences. Indigen?us people represent a unique c?mbinati?n ?f historical,, cultural, p?litical, religious and diverse national influences. Understanding ?f the land and the traditi?ns shaped American culture brining unique beliefs and aspirati?ns f?ll?wed and shared by native people. This survival ?f a link between spirituality and ethnic identity helps t? understand the way Americans tend t? think and act (Hapiuk, 2001).Another unique culture feature is tribal structure. Strict social differentiation is typical for the Native Americans. The traditional model of classes is meant to separate the society such that each class is expected to conform to its own societal model: a culturally approved pattern of behavior. The Native American class structure, however, does not separate people as much in behavior as in power, prestige and esteem. A Native American class signifies the cultural status of a family and, in extension, historically a tribe. An individuals status, even his or her identity, is based on this social system. Such cultural status should not be confused with legal status, even if there may be relations. In the Native American type of culture, people are born into extended families or clans (Singletary, 1997).   Children are socialized in this kind of family structure and become closely identified with family and kin. Among the Native Americans, there is a deep commitment to family honor, loyalties and responsibilities. This tribal-based social structure is also very rigid in Native American culture. Friendship is determ ined by social relationships and mainly locals (not cosmopolitans) will be found in influential positions. However, in order for this to work, the social structure must be very stable. One consequence is common, that is, privileges are unevenly distributed; Native Americans live in a collectivistic culture, but it is not egalitarian. It may even be that ordinary citizens are considered incompetent versus the authorities and that there is a pessimism about the ability to control politicians decisions. Also, if differences develop between peoples values and the social order, this may lead to pressure toward an even stronger social order (fundamentalism), rarely towards more individualism. There is more emotional resistance to change in the Native American type of culture and problem-solving procedures follow precedent or adapt old procedures to new situations (Oswalt, 2000).ConclusionIn modern mass media, the main issues discussed in fiction and news reporting concern the role and imp act of globalization and technological revolution on old traditions, changing values and views of people. Many reporters and authors describe that religion and popular culture interact in television and mass market novels, entertainment and film industry. For instance, Indian sacred celebrations are nothing more than a direct impact of old traditions on popular culture. The main stories include art, religion, holidays, celebrations, new treatment methods, food, etc.  Most of news reporting and fiction emphasize the importance of century old traditions and religion for contemporary generations who see national traditions and values as things of the past. Departure from tradition is generally presumed to be bad until proved otherwise. Native American culture is a clear example of where modernization is not the same as Westernization. American themes are not, in general, good sales arguments among the Native American people. The value pattern in traditional societies also sets a limit to technology transfer possibilities. Native Americans are very proud: they are proud of their culture, people and achievements. They expect others to pay respect to what they are and what they have done. Nothing will motivate a Native American more than giving him pride.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in the Military - 5865 Words

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper analyzes the cost/benefit of long-term care of Soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan and the constraints the Department of Veterans Affairs faces in trying to meet the needs of these Soldiers. This paper uses data collected from government sources like the Department of Veterans Affairs and the Veterans Benefit Administration. The conclusions of the analysis are that: (a) The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is already overwhelmed by the number of patients it currently sees and the addition of these new Veteran’s seeking care will put a severe strain on the resources that are currently available; (b) The Veterans Benefit Association (VBA) is in need of restructuring to be able to handle†¦show more content†¦These events, not only put the individual at risk, but their family as well. While many soldiers are receiving help with their disorder, for some, the help comes too late and they are unable to cope or continue with their life. Since comba t operations began in March 2003, 45 soldiers have killed themselves in Iraq, and an additional two dozen have committed suicide after returning home, the Army has confirmed. (Mclemore, 2005). While these numbers are staggering some experts feel that the worst is yet to come. The problem for some is that they either do not know there is a problem or do not want anyone to know that they have a problem. The Army has recently begun screening of personnel that have recently returned from a deployment but that still does not help the thousands who have returned in previous years. According to Veterans Affairs (VA) data, 9,600 of the 360,000 soldiers discharged after fighting in Iraq and Afghanistan have received a provisional diagnosis of PTSD. (Mclemore, 2005). Problem Statement Many soldiers are returning to Iraq and Afghanistan with mental illness and given anti-depressants to help with their problems. A 2004 Army report found that up to 17 percent of combat-seasoned infantrymen experienced major depression, anxiety or post-traumatic stress disorder after one combat tour to Iraq. Less than 40 percent of them had soughtShow MoreRelatedHow Does Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Affects Our Nation s Military?1794 Words   |  8 Pages How does Post-traumatic stress disorder affect our nation’s military? The United States has many people living among one another all with a different kind of mentality. Varying from a weak to strong mind depending on life events and how they have managed to deal with them. For most the way they react to their surroundings can seem like an easy task but for others it can be the hardest and most difficult of tasks. To further explain this point, one can look into the many possibilities of how one’sRead MoreThe Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder On A Family1183 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on a Family The symptoms of Post-traumatic stress can vary from patient from patient. Most common symptoms are flashbacks, hyper arousal and avoidance. The first article is â€Å"Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Adolescent Survivors of Childhood Cancer and Their Families: A Randomized Clinical Trial.† In this article the researchers put together a random wait list control trial. They would have an intervention with the family of a cancer survivorRead MorePost-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Or As Many Know By The1669 Words   |  7 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder, or as many know by the abbreviation PTSD, is a complex mental issue that affects several every day. People that know of post-traumatic stress disorder tend to connect it to military personnel. 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In 2014, Chris Kyle playedRead MorePTSD Research Paper1674 Words   |  7 PagesApril 2014 Living with Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder Today, hundreds of thousands of service men and women and recent military veterans have seen combat. Many have been shot at, seen their buddies killed, or witnessed death up close. These are types of events that can lead to Post- Traumatic Stress Disorder (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD: A Growing Epidemic. â€Å") Anyone that has gone through a traumatic event can be diagnosed with PTSD but research shows, military men and women are moreRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1519 Words   |  7 PagesPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder It is common for individuals who have gone through a traumatic experience to feel many types of emotions, to include distress, fear, helplessness, guilt, shame or anger. The individual may begin to feel better after just a few days or weeks, but sometimes these feelings don’t go away. If the symptoms last for more than a month, they may be experiencing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD and should seek professional help. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, once knownRead MoreAccelerated Resolution Therapy ( Art ) Essay1011 Words   |  5 PagesAccelerated Resolution Therapy (ART) is a fairly new treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder that is being geared mainly towards combat veterans whom have experienced some sort of psychological trauma. Accelerated Resolution Therapy is delivered in 2-5 sessions and does not require the use of medications. By using rapid eye motions, similar to what occurs during dreaming, Accelerated Resolution Therapy works directly to change th e way in which distressing memories are stored in the brain soRead MoreEssay about Post Traumatic Stress Disorder939 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen hearing about a disorder that is seemingly new. This disorder is known as post traumatic stress. We hear on the news that a veteran had hurt his or her family and this disorder was the cause. We have seen the countless reports of the number of divorces that are cause by post traumatic stress. Just by reading the reports and watching the news one can conclude that this is a disorder that is cause by war. PTSD is not a diagnosis solely held by war veterans. It is a disorder can affect anyone andRead MorePtsd Is A Whole Body Tragedy, An Integral Human Event Of Enormous Proportions With Massive Repercussions Essay1553 Words   |  7 Pagesable to overcome post-traumatic stress disorder by going to health professionals or getting help with counseling. What is PTSD? Post-traumatic stress disorder is a life-threatening exposure in which an individ ual experiences a flashback to a traumatic event, such as war. Combat often substantially affects the soldier’s minds, but post-traumatic stress disorder can follow after a personal assault too (Wiley, 875). Post-traumatic stress disorder develops in response to a traumatic event. About 60%Read MoreThe Effects Of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1494 Words   |  6 PagesCauses and Effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder) Post-Traumatic stress disorder has affected humans probably as long as we have had a higher consciousness, but it is only recently that researchers, medical professionals and psychotherapists have had much understanding into its nature and treatment. Although this disorder may be easy to describe, the effects of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder negatively affect a person’s mental health, physical health, work and

Casino Industry in Macau - 2721 Words

The Casino Industry in Macau Research Question I intend to evaluate the Casino Industry in Macau including the reasons for its high demand and growing success and compare it to the Casino Industry in Las Vegas. The gaming industry is the livelihood of Macau. It is responsible for 75% of the government’s income and provides the people of Macau with millions of jobs. Even though gambling was first legalized under Portuguese rule to finance the government, it remains the same under Chinese rule today. The rules and regulations set forth oversee the casino industry and grant companies with casino concessions. It is dramatically more profitable than Las Vegas because of the devastating effects of the American Recession. Introduction†¦show more content†¦This only attracted more tourists to the country and encouraged locals to gamble more. The construction and operation of new casinos also dramatically increased employment rates. Who Regulates the Casino Industry in Macau? After the casino monopoly ended in 2001, the government formed rules and regulations that would administer the gaming industry. The dissolution of the monopoly meant that companies besides STDM were now allowed to build and operate casinos in Macau. Theses rules and regulations were to ensure that the new casinos were operating properly and â€Å"fairly† (Loughlin and Pannell). Soon after the monopoly ended, the Legislative Assembly passed a law (No. 16) that clearly outlined the definition â€Å"gambling† and â€Å"casino†. The law stated what would be acceptable and what would not be acceptable in terms of gambling in Macau. It also explained the guidelines for the concession system and the procedure for bidding. In order to enforce these rules and regulations, the Legislative Assembly established the Casino Commissions Committee. This committee consists of eight members and is overseen by the Secretary of Economics and Finance. At the time of its establishment, this man was Francis Tam Pak Yuen. The bidding process began in November of 2001. The Casinos Commissions Committee started to give prospective investors information about building aShow MoreRelatedMacau Casino Industry2740 Words   |  11 Pages Investment Group Project Macau Casino Industry Tuesday 8:30 - 11:20 am Wong Wing Hei Penelope 12141056D Liu Xiaoyu Ivy 10806758D Au Chak Chung 12072495D Wong Yee Ting Gladys 11608217D Introduction The reputation of Macau’s Casino has more than 100 years of history. In recent years, owing to the opening up of gambling industry, this reputation further carried forward. Gambling policy depends not only on local government policy, but also on the tourists’ government policy. The policy of gamblingRead MoreCompetitive Analysis : Wynn Resorts1001 Words   |  5 PagesCompetitive Analysis The strategy would be to expand into the already lucrative Macau casino market with one of are most successful casino/resort in the Las Vegas area, the Bellagio. MGM already has a foothold hold in Macau Market, which is provided due to a partnership with Pansy Ho and the successful MGM Macau. The main competition in this area is: Las Vegas Sands Corp. (LVSC), which have 7 properties in the Macau area, Galaxy Entertainment Group (GEG), which have 3 properties and Wynn ResortsRead MoreThe Competition Of The Gaming Industry1600 Words   |  7 Pagesgaming industry in Macau is very competitive as it is the only jurisdiction within China where casinos are legal. Before 2003, there was a restriction on the entry of citizens into Macau when it was operated by Stanley Ho’s S.T.D.M as a monopoly. By 2012, visitors had increased 18.6% from the previous year and the industry now runs as an oligopoly. Within this industry are many competitors at a total of 6 within a 29.7 square kilome ter area. They are Sociedade de Jogos de Macua, Galaxy Casino, WynnRead MoreWynn Resort1511 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Board and CEO of Wynn. His knowledge of the gambling and casino industry is indispensable to Wynn Resorts, as he is accredited to turning the luxury casino industry in Las Vegas into what it is today. Wynn’s mission is: â€Å"A commitment to providing an elegant environment, high quality amenities, a superior level of service and distinctive attractions for our customers.† The company currently has operations in both Las Vegas and Macau Peninsula in China. Wynn Las Vegas, the company’s first developmentRead MoreCase Study : Las Vegas Sands Corp1243 Words   |  5 PagesThe strategy would be to expand into the already lucrative Macau casino market with one of the most successful casino/resort in the Las Vegas area, the Bellagio. MGM already has a foothold hold in Macau Market, which is provided due to a partnership with Pansy Ho and the successf ul MGM Macau. The main competition in this area is: Las Vegas Sands Corp. (LVSC), which have 7 properties in the Macau area, Galaxy Entertainment Group (GEG), which have 3 properties and Wynn Resorts Ltd. (WYNN), whichRead MoreResorts989 Words   |  4 Pagesarise if he left the company? 2. What are the strengths and weaknesses of Wynns Macau (Peoples Republic of China) strategy? 3. What are the three main issues that Wynn Resorts must focus their efforts on in order to preserve their two largest revenue sources: the Wynn Las Vegas and Macau?   Mr Steven Wynn pursued his fervor as an entrepreneur and has changed the style of resorts and gaming. He is the most talented casino gamer in the world since long. He has made himself such a name in the gamingRead MoreCompetitive Analysis : Wynn Resorts Essay856 Words   |  4 PagesCompetitive Analysis The strategy would be to expand into the already lucrative Macau casino market with one of are most successful casino/resort in the Las Vegas area, the Bellagio. MGM already has a foothold hold in Macau Market, which is provided due to a partnership with Pansy Ho and the successful MGM Macau. The main competition in this area is: Las Vegas Sands Corp. (LVSC), which have 7 properties in the Macau area, Galaxy Entertainment Group (GEG), which have 3 properties and Wynn ResortsRead MoreFILIPINOS IN MACAU Essay939 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿FILIPINOS IN MACAU INTRODUCTION In the past few years, Macau has become an international destination. The liberation of gaming license had bought about large foreign investments and facilities infrastructure. Macau, a sparkling metropolis at night, is home to thousands of overseas Filipino workers . One of its eye-catching characteristics is certainly its large Filipino community. Filipinos represent the second largest group of non-resident workers in Macau after mainland Chinese. It also becomesRead MoreWynn Resorts Limited878 Words   |  4 Pagesengages in the development, ownership, and operation of destination casino resorts. The company owns and operates two casino resort complexes in Las Vegas, the Wynn Las Vegas and Encore at Wynn Las Vegas with two hotel towers with a total of 4,750 hotel rooms, suites, and villas; 240 table games; 2,195 slot machines; a race and sports book; 1 poker room in approximately 186,000 square feet of casino gaming space, including a sky casino and private gaming salons; 35 fo od and beverage outlets; 2 spas andRead MoreAdvantages and Considerations for Wynn Macau’s Casino2526 Words   |  11 Pagesenter Macau when its gaming industry was liberated and quickly became one of the most profitable casinos in Macau relative to its size. Junketeers have contributed greatly to wins success, along with government initiatives. Though gambling is illegal in many parts of the world, the industry is growing and competition is increasing, particularly in the east By 2015, the Asian gaming market is expected to be the biggest in the world. In order to continue to thrive in this growing industry, Wynn will

Key Principles of Management and Leadership Free Essays

Unit 1 – Key principles of management and leadership Activity 1 a) Though the two terms seem similar on the surface, in reality they are quite different. A great manager does not necessarily make a great leader, and a great leader does not necessarily make a great manager. Management controls or directs people/resources in a group according to principles or values that have already been established. We will write a custom essay sample on Key Principles of Management and Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now Leadership is setting a new direction or vision for a group that they follow, i. e. : a leader is the spearhead for that new direction. The manager uses a formal, rational method whilst the leader uses passion and stirs emotions. People naturally and willingly follow leaders due to their charisma and personality traits, whereas a manager is obeyed due to the formal authority vested in him/her. As a result, people tend to be more loyal towards leaders rather than managers. Managers supervise employees. They make plans, delegate responsibilities, and coordinate activities. Their goal is to create something that is definable and repeatable. Leaders are focused on bringing about innovation and change for the company. Their primary role is to inspire people and to motivate employees. They are focused on change. They create a sense of vision, hope, and alignment among employees. An organisation cannot thrive without a manager, and it cannot thrive without a leader. Leadership and management must go hand in hand to be successful – both in corporate and casual settings. They are linked, and complimentary to one another. Managers will:Leaders will: AdministrateInnovate MaintainDevelop Focus on systems and/or structuresFocus on people Rely on their controlInspire trust in people Hold short range viewsHave a longer range perspective Ask ‘how’ and ‘when’Ask ‘what’ and ‘why’ Keep an eye on the bottom lineKeep an eye on the horizon ImitateOriginate Accept the status quoChallenge it Be a classic good soldierBe his/her own person Accept realityInvestigate it b) Management encompasses 5 functions which are planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling. Planning – Planning gives management the ability to logically come up with different strategies to make sure that the project ends in success. The term for generating plans of action can be for immediate, short term, medium term and long term periods. If management does not implement a plan the only plan that he can guarantee is a poor performance. Organising – In order to make sure that the plan is a success management have to make sure things within the company and the plan are properly organised. This is where management can divide, coordinate and control the task and information within the organisation. Assigning work and granting authority are 2 important elements of organising. Staffing – Now that the structure is properly put together, management needs to have employee’s to carry out the plan. This is also known as human resource management. In this concept management will be devoted to properly acquiring, training, appraising, and compensating their employee’s. Employees are what give a company a competitive edge. Management must ensure that the right number of and kind of employees are placed at the right places and at the right time when the organisation is in need of them. Directing – This is the ability to get employee’s to achieve the goals of the company in the most effective and optimal way. Leading, motivating, communication and coordination are the elements that come under directing. Directing is about guiding and leading the people in an organisation. Controlling – This is the process that ensures whether the resources are obtained and used efficiently in achieving the organisational objectives. This function will be the last task that management will do. This will allow the ability to check the performance of the employee’s to make sure it correlates with the input (plan) and output (performance). For this reason, that is why controlling function of management is closely linked with the planning function. ) It is the requirement of a team leader to achieve objectives set by management for a team. However, since the team leader cannot meet these objectives on their own, it will be required for the team leader to lead or manage a team to achieve success using the skills of the team. The team’s objectives will be those of the team leader. The team will consist of a number of individuals each working to achieve their own objectives, based on ea ch individual’s particular skills, knowledge and expertise. This breaking down into specific tasks will contribute to the overall achievement of the objectives of the team. With this in mind a team leader must know their staff, but it is equally important that the staff know the team leader. A leader must know how to build and nurture such a team. A good leader knows when to be a leader and when to be a follower. Good leaders are good followers when that’s what is needed. Other skills that the team leader will need to possess are: Integrity. Having strong internal guiding principles that one does not compromise. It means treating others as you would wish to be treated. Integrity promotes trust, and not much is accomplished without trust. Leading by example. Innovation and vision. Welcoming new tasks and new ways of doing things. Having a clear idea where his or her organisation and/or unit are going in the long term. Communication. Leaders need to learn to be proficient in both the communication that informs and seeks out information and the communication that connects interpersonally with others. Being able to listen well, explain things clearly, ask questions and be aware of what people really think and feel (not what they may say). Relationships. A leader who likes dealing with people issues, who can initiate and deepen relationships with others, has a great leadership advantage. This is a leader who can build a team and achieve impressive results. This can help with the ability to motivate others. Getting people to do things because they want to and not because they are told to. Persuasion. The ability to influence others and cause them to move in a particular direction is a highly important skill in leadership. A leaders ability to be persuasive is directly related to how much people trust you and how good your communication and relationships are. Adaptability. Adaptability and flexibility in not being bound by a plan are important success factors. A leader must move easily from one set of circumstances (the plan) to the next (the plan is not going as expected) and take them all in stride, even when the circumstances are unexpected. A good leader has to embrace change and see it as opportunity. Coaching and self-development. Developing others is an important role for a leader. Encouraging others to expand their capabilities and take on additional assignments is part of a leader’s responsibility. Leaders who feel threatened by the capabilities of others are generally challenged in this area. This coincides with being interested in what people think and feel. Self-development and expanding one’s own capabilities inspires trust and respect from the team which also goes hand in hand in developing others. Decision-making. A leader must be able to wade through information, comprehend what’s relevant, make a well-considered decision, and take action based on that decision. Making decisions too quickly or too slowly will impede leadership effectiveness. Planning. Planning involves making certain assumptions about the future and taking actions in the present to positively influence that future. Planning means to focus more strategically. Although important for guidance and focus, plans are rarely rigid. d) My job as a Senior Support Worker is to provide support to the Registered Manager and lead a small team of support staff in the day to day running of the unit in line with the company’s objectives. I am responsible for ensuring all Service Users who reside at the unit receive high quality, person centred support. I provide support, coaching and mentoring to team members. I am responsible for preparing, maintaining and supporting team members in the updating of care plans. I ensure good working practices are established and maintained. I have to observe a proactive approach to achieving a positive, engaging, promotional and relationship building role with Local Authorities and all other stakeholders. e) * I give support, educate and manage the staff team on a day to day basis and through bi-monthly supervision. * I am responsible for the deployment and control of appointments on a day to day basis, plus the allocation of certain appointments to specific team members. I support the running of the home to achieve real, individualised care packages for the Service Users. * I promote effective team working, to maintain good communications systems, including hand over’s, log books, supervision and staff meetings. * I assist the manager in identifying training and development needs for the staff team and to help facilitate these needs. * I review, mo nitor and fulfil health and safety responsibilities to ensure a safe working environment for yourself, colleagues and the Service Users. I support and maintain effective working relationships with all other staff and to promote good relationships with local residents and the general community. * I have a positive, hardworking attitude and remain committed to the ethos of Reed Care Homes Ltd. * I provide a positive working role model for other colleagues and Service Users, with reference at all times to the company’s equal opportunities policy and the recognition of each person unique racial, cultural and religious needs. * I assist the Registered Manager in the recruitment of new team members and complete inductions. I provide cover for the Registered Manager in their absence. * I maintain professional knowledge and skills through training and a commitment to continuous professional development. f) In 1997 John Adair developed a model of leadership training based on three ove rlapping circles that are involved in any leadership situation. If you look closely at matters involving leadership, there are always three elements or variables: * the leader – qualities of personality and character * the situation – partly constant, partly varying the group – the followers: their needs and values. There are three areas of overlapping need which are centrally important which are related to task, group maintenance and the individual. Task – The reason a group of people come together to perform a task is because the task is too big for one person. A range of knowledge and skills are required and these will not be found in one person. Group maintenance – Many of the formal or informal rules and procedures of the group are designed to promote unity and to maintain cohesiveness at all costs. There is a feeling that good relationships are essential towards a shared goal. This need to create and promote group cohesiveness is called group maintenance. Individual – Individuals bring into groups their own needs, for eg, recognition; a sense of fulfilment, status, and what Adair terms as the deeper needs to give to and receive from other people in a working situation. Adair believes that these individual needs are more profound than we sometimes realise. These needs may attract us or repel us from any given group. The three areas of need overlap and influence one another. If the common task is achieved, then that tends to build the team and to satisfy personal human needs in the individual. If there is a lack of cohesiveness in the team circle, a failure of team maintenance, then clearly performance in the task area will be impaired and the satisfaction of individual members reduced. In order to achieve the common task and to maintain teamwork, certain functions have to be performed. Adair’s three circles model emphasises the importance of distinguishing the individual from the group. It is fundamental that each of the circles must always be seen in relation to the other two. A leader must always be aware of what is happening in relation to the team in terms of the three circles. In 1993 Charles Handy pointed out that it is unlikely that there will ever be a situation where there is a perfect match between the need of the individual, the group and the task. The leader’s job is to be aware of the tension and to manage it. A leader must maintain some distance, as they are responsible and accountable for: * Achievement of the common task Ensuring the group work as a team * Facilitating the development of the individuals Leaders need to interact with others whose support they need in order to accomplish goals. To gain their support, leaders must be able to understand and motivate them. To understand and motivate people, leaders must know human nature. Human nature is the common qualities of all human beings. People behave according to certain principles of huma n nature. Human needs are an important part of human nature and leaders must understand these needs because they can be powerful motivators. In 1970 Maslow felt that human needs were arranged in a hierarchical order and that the basic needs must be met before the higher order needs in the form of 5 levels: 5. Self-actualization — knows exactly who you are, where you are going, and what you want to accomplish. A state of well-being. 4. Esteem — feeling of moving up in world, recognition, few doubts about self. 3. Belongingness and love — belong to a group, close friends to confide with. 2. Safety — feels free from immediate danger. 1. Physiological — food, water, shelter, sex. Maslow deemed that people want and are forever striving to meet various goals. Because the lower level needs are more immediate and urgent, then they come into play as the source and direction of a person’s goal if they are not satisfied. A need higher in the hierarchy will become a motive of behaviour as long as the needs below it have been satisfied. Unsatisfied lower needs will dominate unsatisfied higher needs and must be satisfied before the person can climb up the hierarchy. Leaders knowing where a person is located on the pyramid will aid in determining effective motivators. Almost no one stays in one particular hierarchy for an extended period. We constantly strive to move up, while at the same time various forces outside our control try to push us down. The goal as a leader is to help people obtain the skills and knowledge that will push them up the hierarchy on a more permanent basis. People who have their basic needs met become much better workers as they are able to concentrate on fulfilling the visions put forth to them, rather than consistently struggling to make ends meet. How to cite Key Principles of Management and Leadership, Papers

Key Principles of Management and Leadership Free Essays

Unit 1 – Key principles of management and leadership Activity 1 a) Though the two terms seem similar on the surface, in reality they are quite different. A great manager does not necessarily make a great leader, and a great leader does not necessarily make a great manager. Management controls or directs people/resources in a group according to principles or values that have already been established. We will write a custom essay sample on Key Principles of Management and Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now Leadership is setting a new direction or vision for a group that they follow, i. e. : a leader is the spearhead for that new direction. The manager uses a formal, rational method whilst the leader uses passion and stirs emotions. People naturally and willingly follow leaders due to their charisma and personality traits, whereas a manager is obeyed due to the formal authority vested in him/her. As a result, people tend to be more loyal towards leaders rather than managers. Managers supervise employees. They make plans, delegate responsibilities, and coordinate activities. Their goal is to create something that is definable and repeatable. Leaders are focused on bringing about innovation and change for the company. Their primary role is to inspire people and to motivate employees. They are focused on change. They create a sense of vision, hope, and alignment among employees. An organisation cannot thrive without a manager, and it cannot thrive without a leader. Leadership and management must go hand in hand to be successful – both in corporate and casual settings. They are linked, and complimentary to one another. Managers will:Leaders will: AdministrateInnovate MaintainDevelop Focus on systems and/or structuresFocus on people Rely on their controlInspire trust in people Hold short range viewsHave a longer range perspective Ask ‘how’ and ‘when’Ask ‘what’ and ‘why’ Keep an eye on the bottom lineKeep an eye on the horizon ImitateOriginate Accept the status quoChallenge it Be a classic good soldierBe his/her own person Accept realityInvestigate it b) Management encompasses 5 functions which are planning, organising, staffing, directing and controlling. Planning – Planning gives management the ability to logically come up with different strategies to make sure that the project ends in success. The term for generating plans of action can be for immediate, short term, medium term and long term periods. If management does not implement a plan the only plan that he can guarantee is a poor performance. Organising – In order to make sure that the plan is a success management have to make sure things within the company and the plan are properly organised. This is where management can divide, coordinate and control the task and information within the organisation. Assigning work and granting authority are 2 important elements of organising. Staffing – Now that the structure is properly put together, management needs to have employee’s to carry out the plan. This is also known as human resource management. In this concept management will be devoted to properly acquiring, training, appraising, and compensating their employee’s. Employees are what give a company a competitive edge. Management must ensure that the right number of and kind of employees are placed at the right places and at the right time when the organisation is in need of them. Directing – This is the ability to get employee’s to achieve the goals of the company in the most effective and optimal way. Leading, motivating, communication and coordination are the elements that come under directing. Directing is about guiding and leading the people in an organisation. Controlling – This is the process that ensures whether the resources are obtained and used efficiently in achieving the organisational objectives. This function will be the last task that management will do. This will allow the ability to check the performance of the employee’s to make sure it correlates with the input (plan) and output (performance). For this reason, that is why controlling function of management is closely linked with the planning function. ) It is the requirement of a team leader to achieve objectives set by management for a team. However, since the team leader cannot meet these objectives on their own, it will be required for the team leader to lead or manage a team to achieve success using the skills of the team. The team’s objectives will be those of the team leader. The team will consist of a number of individuals each working to achieve their own objectives, based on ea ch individual’s particular skills, knowledge and expertise. This breaking down into specific tasks will contribute to the overall achievement of the objectives of the team. With this in mind a team leader must know their staff, but it is equally important that the staff know the team leader. A leader must know how to build and nurture such a team. A good leader knows when to be a leader and when to be a follower. Good leaders are good followers when that’s what is needed. Other skills that the team leader will need to possess are: Integrity. Having strong internal guiding principles that one does not compromise. It means treating others as you would wish to be treated. Integrity promotes trust, and not much is accomplished without trust. Leading by example. Innovation and vision. Welcoming new tasks and new ways of doing things. Having a clear idea where his or her organisation and/or unit are going in the long term. Communication. Leaders need to learn to be proficient in both the communication that informs and seeks out information and the communication that connects interpersonally with others. Being able to listen well, explain things clearly, ask questions and be aware of what people really think and feel (not what they may say). Relationships. A leader who likes dealing with people issues, who can initiate and deepen relationships with others, has a great leadership advantage. This is a leader who can build a team and achieve impressive results. This can help with the ability to motivate others. Getting people to do things because they want to and not because they are told to. Persuasion. The ability to influence others and cause them to move in a particular direction is a highly important skill in leadership. A leaders ability to be persuasive is directly related to how much people trust you and how good your communication and relationships are. Adaptability. Adaptability and flexibility in not being bound by a plan are important success factors. A leader must move easily from one set of circumstances (the plan) to the next (the plan is not going as expected) and take them all in stride, even when the circumstances are unexpected. A good leader has to embrace change and see it as opportunity. Coaching and self-development. Developing others is an important role for a leader. Encouraging others to expand their capabilities and take on additional assignments is part of a leader’s responsibility. Leaders who feel threatened by the capabilities of others are generally challenged in this area. This coincides with being interested in what people think and feel. Self-development and expanding one’s own capabilities inspires trust and respect from the team which also goes hand in hand in developing others. Decision-making. A leader must be able to wade through information, comprehend what’s relevant, make a well-considered decision, and take action based on that decision. Making decisions too quickly or too slowly will impede leadership effectiveness. Planning. Planning involves making certain assumptions about the future and taking actions in the present to positively influence that future. Planning means to focus more strategically. Although important for guidance and focus, plans are rarely rigid. d) My job as a Senior Support Worker is to provide support to the Registered Manager and lead a small team of support staff in the day to day running of the unit in line with the company’s objectives. I am responsible for ensuring all Service Users who reside at the unit receive high quality, person centred support. I provide support, coaching and mentoring to team members. I am responsible for preparing, maintaining and supporting team members in the updating of care plans. I ensure good working practices are established and maintained. I have to observe a proactive approach to achieving a positive, engaging, promotional and relationship building role with Local Authorities and all other stakeholders. e) * I give support, educate and manage the staff team on a day to day basis and through bi-monthly supervision. * I am responsible for the deployment and control of appointments on a day to day basis, plus the allocation of certain appointments to specific team members. I support the running of the home to achieve real, individualised care packages for the Service Users. * I promote effective team working, to maintain good communications systems, including hand over’s, log books, supervision and staff meetings. * I assist the manager in identifying training and development needs for the staff team and to help facilitate these needs. * I review, mo nitor and fulfil health and safety responsibilities to ensure a safe working environment for yourself, colleagues and the Service Users. I support and maintain effective working relationships with all other staff and to promote good relationships with local residents and the general community. * I have a positive, hardworking attitude and remain committed to the ethos of Reed Care Homes Ltd. * I provide a positive working role model for other colleagues and Service Users, with reference at all times to the company’s equal opportunities policy and the recognition of each person unique racial, cultural and religious needs. * I assist the Registered Manager in the recruitment of new team members and complete inductions. I provide cover for the Registered Manager in their absence. * I maintain professional knowledge and skills through training and a commitment to continuous professional development. f) In 1997 John Adair developed a model of leadership training based on three ove rlapping circles that are involved in any leadership situation. If you look closely at matters involving leadership, there are always three elements or variables: * the leader – qualities of personality and character * the situation – partly constant, partly varying the group – the followers: their needs and values. There are three areas of overlapping need which are centrally important which are related to task, group maintenance and the individual. Task – The reason a group of people come together to perform a task is because the task is too big for one person. A range of knowledge and skills are required and these will not be found in one person. Group maintenance – Many of the formal or informal rules and procedures of the group are designed to promote unity and to maintain cohesiveness at all costs. There is a feeling that good relationships are essential towards a shared goal. This need to create and promote group cohesiveness is called group maintenance. Individual – Individuals bring into groups their own needs, for eg, recognition; a sense of fulfilment, status, and what Adair terms as the deeper needs to give to and receive from other people in a working situation. Adair believes that these individual needs are more profound than we sometimes realise. These needs may attract us or repel us from any given group. The three areas of need overlap and influence one another. If the common task is achieved, then that tends to build the team and to satisfy personal human needs in the individual. If there is a lack of cohesiveness in the team circle, a failure of team maintenance, then clearly performance in the task area will be impaired and the satisfaction of individual members reduced. In order to achieve the common task and to maintain teamwork, certain functions have to be performed. Adair’s three circles model emphasises the importance of distinguishing the individual from the group. It is fundamental that each of the circles must always be seen in relation to the other two. A leader must always be aware of what is happening in relation to the team in terms of the three circles. In 1993 Charles Handy pointed out that it is unlikely that there will ever be a situation where there is a perfect match between the need of the individual, the group and the task. The leader’s job is to be aware of the tension and to manage it. A leader must maintain some distance, as they are responsible and accountable for: * Achievement of the common task Ensuring the group work as a team * Facilitating the development of the individuals Leaders need to interact with others whose support they need in order to accomplish goals. To gain their support, leaders must be able to understand and motivate them. To understand and motivate people, leaders must know human nature. Human nature is the common qualities of all human beings. People behave according to certain principles of huma n nature. Human needs are an important part of human nature and leaders must understand these needs because they can be powerful motivators. In 1970 Maslow felt that human needs were arranged in a hierarchical order and that the basic needs must be met before the higher order needs in the form of 5 levels: 5. Self-actualization — knows exactly who you are, where you are going, and what you want to accomplish. A state of well-being. 4. Esteem — feeling of moving up in world, recognition, few doubts about self. 3. Belongingness and love — belong to a group, close friends to confide with. 2. Safety — feels free from immediate danger. 1. Physiological — food, water, shelter, sex. Maslow deemed that people want and are forever striving to meet various goals. Because the lower level needs are more immediate and urgent, then they come into play as the source and direction of a person’s goal if they are not satisfied. A need higher in the hierarchy will become a motive of behaviour as long as the needs below it have been satisfied. Unsatisfied lower needs will dominate unsatisfied higher needs and must be satisfied before the person can climb up the hierarchy. Leaders knowing where a person is located on the pyramid will aid in determining effective motivators. Almost no one stays in one particular hierarchy for an extended period. We constantly strive to move up, while at the same time various forces outside our control try to push us down. The goal as a leader is to help people obtain the skills and knowledge that will push them up the hierarchy on a more permanent basis. People who have their basic needs met become much better workers as they are able to concentrate on fulfilling the visions put forth to them, rather than consistently struggling to make ends meet. How to cite Key Principles of Management and Leadership, Papers